Issue 1/2024

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. The operation of the criminal law with regard to criminal election offences committed on the territory of the Republic of Poland. – 2.1. The criminal legislation of which state must be applied to the election offences committed regarding the elections to the state authorities of Ukraine abroad? – 2.2. How do the Criminal Code of Ukraine and the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses apply to the election offences for public authorities of Ukraine, committed in the territory of foreign election precincts located in the premises of diplomatic institutions of Ukraine abroad? – 2.3. What kind of criminal election offences due to their nature (mechanism) can be committed outside Ukraine (in particular, on the territory of external election precincts, or outside election precincts)? – 2.4. Does the CC of Ukraine apply to the criminal election offences committed outside the diplomatic institutions of Ukraine? – 2.5. To what criminal election offences can the real principle of operation of the Criminal Code of Ukraine be applied? – 2.6. To which criminal election offences the real principle of the CC of Ukraine may not be applied? – 2.7. Might the universal principle of the operation of criminal law of Ukraine be applied to the criminal election offences committed on the territory of the Republic of Poland? – 3. Anticipating the possibility of creating additional foreign election precincts in the Republic of Poland outside the premises of diplomatic institutions and determining their (temporary) public legal status. – 4. Conclusions.

1. Introduction. – 2. Digitalization of Civil Justice: General Remarks. – 3. Key Elements of E-Justice in Ukraine. – 4. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. The development of Albanian legal framework on whistleblower protection. – 3. The development of Albanian legal framework on whistleblower protection. – 4. Challenges and opportunities. – 5. Conclusions and recommendations.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 1.1. Legal Aspects. – 1.2. The Growing Role of Compliance in Countries Around the World. – 1.3. Theoretical Framework. – 1.4. Overview of Compliance Legislation and Regulations. – 2. Methodology. – 3. An Empirical Study of the Effectiveness of the Use of Compliance in the Countries of the World. – 3.1. Anti-Corruption Compliance. – 3.2. Criminal and Law Compliance. – 3.3. Environmental Compliance. – 3.4. Financial Compliance. – 3.5. Labour Compliance. – 3.6. Clustering of the Countries of the World. – 4. Validity of the Results of the Study on the Effectiveness of Compliance Implementation in Eastern European Countries. – 5. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Existing EU standards and legal requirements for entering the mediator’s profession. – 2.1. The mediator as a service provider: the EU concept of mediator and the peculiar specifics of this term. – 2.2. National mediators’ qualifications and training requirements: existing EU models and developing tendencies within the context of mandatory mediation. – 2.3. Recognition and accreditation of mediators from other Member States and Third Countries. – 3. Challenges under the existing patched regulations on practicing mediation in the EU. – 3.1. Absence of unified international standards in regard of international mediation practice. – 3.2. Inconsistencies in the recognition process allowing mediators to practice in the EU. – 3.3. Cross-border enforceability of mediation settlement agreements resulting from the work of mediators meeting different professional requirements. – 4. Conclusions and Recommendations.

Editor-in-Chief’s Note

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Literature Review. – 2.1. Social Factors. – 2.2. Economic Factors. – 2.3. Political Factors. – 2.4. Legal Factors. – 3. Methods. – 4. Results: Modelling and Forecasting. – 5. Conclusion.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Manifestations of the Financial Policy of the State in Light of the Health Crisis: In Order to Avoid a “Financial Pandemic!”. – 2.1. Establishing a Special Fund to Manage and Overcome the Effects of the Corona Virus Epidemic. – 2.2. Rationalization of Public Expenditure. – 2.3. Recourse to External Financing. – 2.4. Measures Taken by the Banking System. – 3. The Impacts of the Financial Policy of the State: Measures Taken Between Efficiency and the Requirement of Justice. – 3.1. At the Economic Level and Supporting Companies. – 3.2. Measures Taken to Mitigate Social Impacts. – 4. Post-Pandemic Financial Policy Challenges: Towards Financial “Immunity”. – 4.1. Adopt New Financial Approaches. – 4.2. Provide Financial Resources to Control the Deficit and Support the National Companies. – 4.3. The Amending Financial Law: A Mechanism to Overcome the Crisis or a Basis for Implementing the Economic Take-Off Plan? – 4.4. Consecration of Tax Fairness. – 5. Conclusion.

1. Introduction. – 2. Migrant status of war-related migrants and conflict-of-laws rules applicable to their personal status. – 3. Personal status issues of migrants covered by the convention. – 4. Law applicable to a personal status of war-related migrants not covered by the convention. – 5. Conclusions.

1. Introduction. – 2. Virtual stores and reality. – 2.1. Virtual Stores. – 2.2. Virtual Reality. – 3. Firms already deploying metaverse. – 3.1. Emirates Airlines. – 3.2. Qatar Airways – 3.3. Etihad Airways. – 3.4. Other Companies. – 4. Applying the diffusion of innovations theory. – 5. Strengths and limitations of application. – 5.1. Strengths. – 5.1.1 New Idea. – 5.1.2. Upkeep and Repairs. – 5.1.3. Advertising and Promotions. – 5.1.4. Traveller Experience. – 5.1.5 Internet-Based Training. – 5.1.6. Online Meetings. – 5.1.7. Design and Prototyping. – 5.2. Limitations. – 5.2.1 Absence of Standards. – 5.2.2. Cost and Technical Hurdles. – 5.2.3. Limited Use Cases. – 5.2.4. Limited Access. – 6. Legal aspects. – 7. Conclusions.

1. Introduction. – 2. Strategy for Public Administration Reform. – 3. Strategy for the Development of Electronic Administration in the Republic of Kosovo. – 4. Electronic Administration and Legal Basis. – 5. Underlying Elements of Electronic Public Administration in Kosovo. – 6. Law on Administrative Procedure. – 7. Electronic Registers and Portals in Kosovo and Access to Them. – 7.1. Information System for the Management of Cases in the Courts of Kosovo. – 7.2. Cadastre Information System. – 7.3. Open Data Portal. – 8. Databases in the Legal System in Kosovo. – 9. Conclusions.

1. Introduction. – 2. Special characteristics of the criminal offence of human trafficking in Kosovo. – 3. Criminal typology of human trafficking. – 4. Volume, dynamics, and structure of the criminal offence of human trafficking in Kosovo. – 5. The main form of exploitation of victims of trafficking. – 6. Recruitment methods in human trafficking cases. – 7. Social condition and social status. – 8. Factors that characterise trafficking. – 9. Conclusion.

1. Introduction. – 2. Theoretical Background. Changes in Perception of ADR: the Shift from the Alternative to Litigation towards Becoming an Integral Part of the Modern Civil Procedure. – 3. The Court-Connected Settlement Procedures, Applied in Austria, Lithuania, and Ukraine. – 3.1. Court-Connected Settlement Procedures in Austria. – 3.1.1. Origins of the Settlement-Oriented Legal Regulation in Austrian Civil Justice. – 3.1.2. Court Conciliation. – 3.2. Court-Connected Settlement Procedures in Lithuania. – 3.2.1. Origins of the Settlement-Oriented Legal Regulation in Lithuanian Civil Justice. – 3.2.2. Court Conciliation. – 3.2.3. Court Mediation. – 3.2.4. Benefits for the Judges, who Conciliate or Mediate. – 3.3. Court-Connected Settlement Procedures in Ukraine. – 3.3.1. Origins of the Settlement-Oriented Legal Regulation in Ukrainian Civil Justice. – 3.3.2. Settlement of a Dispute with the Participation of a Judge. – 3.4. Comparison of the Court-Connected Settlement-Oriented Procedures in Austria, Lithuania, and Ukraine. – 4. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Judicial practice in Ukraine: from judicial generalisations to an open database of court decisions. – 3. Databases of court decisions of the Unified State Register of Court Decisions of Ukraine: problem or solution? – 4. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Jurisdictional Innovations in the Field of Guaranteed International Arbitration Awards Enforcement. – 2.1. Formal-Legal Guarantees of Jurisdictional Decisions in Commercial Cases Execution: Comparative-Legal Analysis. – 2.2. Dual System of Commercial Interest’s Jurisdictional Protection. – 3. Identification of Obstacles to the International Arbitration Awards Enforcement. – 3.1. Formalisation of Legal Risk Calculations of International Arbitration Awards Non-Enforcement. – 3.2. Characteristics of Implicit Features in the Risks of International Arbitration Awards Non- Enforcement. – 3.3. Procedural and Other Factors Affecting the Enforceability of Arbitration Awards. – 4. Conclusion.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. The concept of cooperation and criminal responsibility for accomplices. – 2.1. Responsibility in terms of cooperation between the general and the special subject. – 2.2. Albanian judicial jurisprudence regarding the liability of accomplices. – 3. Excess of the executor. – 4. Cooperation and complicity of the case. – 5. The use of irresponsible persons in the commission of the criminal offence. – 6. Cooperation with unidentified persons. – 7. Conclusions.

1. Introduction. – 2. Protecting the Rights of the Older Persons in International Law. – 2.1. Protecting of the Older persons in General International Instruments. – 2.1.1. Charter of the United Nations. – 2.1.2. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. – 2.1.3. International Covenants on Civil and Political Rights. – 2.1.4. The International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights. – 2.2. The Protection of Older Persons in Light of the International Conventions Pertaining to Specific Categories. – 2.2.1. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. – 2.2.2. International Convention on the Rights of Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families. – 2.2.3. The International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. – 3. International Instruments for the Protection of the Rights of Older persons. – 3.1. Vienna International Plan of Action on Aging, 1982. – 3.2. The 1992 United Nations Principles on Older persons. – 3.3. Program of action of the International Conference on population and development. – 3.4. Madrid International Plan of Action on Aging. – 4. Protecting the Rights of Old Persons on the Regional and National Level. – 4.1. Protection of Old Persons at the Regional Level. – 4.2. Protection of Old Persons by national institutions. – 5. Older Persons Rights in the Constitutions of Arab States. – 5.1. The right to Equality and non-discrimination. – 5.2. The right to work. – 5.3. Right to Social Security. – 5.4. The right to health care. – 6. Conclusion and Recommendations. – 6.1. Conclusions. – 6.2. Recommendations.

1. Introduction. – 2. Methodology of the Study. – 3. Prevention of criminal offences as one of the main tasks of the criminal law. – 3.1. Non-compliance of the norms of the criminal law of Kazakhstan with the norms of international conventions. – 3.2. Proposals to eliminate inconsistency of the criminal code of Kazakhstan with international anti- corruption standards and to strengthen prevention of corruption. – 4. Conclusions.

1. Introduction. – 1.1. Research Methodology. – 1.2. Literature Review. – 2. Comprehending the Rule of Law Across Time. – 2.1. Ancient Era. – 2.2. Modern Time. – 3. Understanding the Ambiguity and Complexity of the Rule of Law Concept. – 4. The UN's Role in Promoting the Rule of Law. – 5. The Interplay Between the Rule of Law and Sustainable Development. – 5.1. Global Advocacy for the Rule of Law: The Importance of a Culture of Lawfulness. – 5.2. The Rule of Law in the SDGs Agenda. – 5.3. Exploring the Formal, Procedural, and Substantive Dimensions. – 5.4. Constitutional Implications. – 5.5. The Rule of Law and Good Governance. – 6. International Rule of Law. – 7. Conclusion.

1. Introduction. – 2. The compatibility of the formation of the Constitutional Committee with constitutional law. – 2.1. The formation of the Constitutional Committee is not a legal issue. – 2.2. The impact of internationalisation on the formation of the Syrian Constitutional Committee and its nationality. – 3. Compatibility of the jurisdiction of the Constitutional Committee with constitutional law. – 3.1. The limits of its jurisdiction of the Constitutional Committee to draft a new Constitution. – 3.2. Limits of the Constitutional Committee's jurisdiction to amend the existing Constitution of 2012. – 4. Conclusion.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Judicial practice and medical-legal relations. – 3. Judicial precedents significant for medical law. – 4. Conclusions.