Issue 3/2025

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Legal Infrastructure of the Western Balkan Countries. – 3. The Need for Legal Regulation of Cryptocurrencies. – 4. Future Research Directions. – 5. Conclusion.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Methodology. – 2.1. Data Collection. – 2.2. Data Selection and Exclusion Criteria. – 3. Citation Types. – 3.1. General Principles. – 3.2. Shariah Jurists. – 3.3. Laws and Regulations Articles. – 4. Analysis. – 4.1. Overview of the Dataset. – 4.2 Citation Trends before CTL. – 4.3. Citation Trends after CTL. – 5. Analysis Findings. – 6. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 1.1. Significance of the Study. – 1.2. Research Problem. – 1.3. Research Methodology. – 1.4. Study Outline. – 2. The Nature of the Right to Informational Self-Determination. – 2.1. The Concept of the Right to Privacy. – 2.2. Definition of Informational Self-Determination. – 2.3. The Legal Nature of the Right to Informational Self-Determination. – 3. The Content of the Right to Informational Self-Determination. – 3.1. Rights of the Data Subject During Processing. – 3.1.1. The Right of Access by the Data Subject. – 3.1.2. Scope of the Right. – 3.2. The Right to Data Portability. – 3.3. The Right to Rectification. – 3.4. The Right to Object to Data Processing. – 3.5. The Right to Object to Direct Marketing. – 3.6. The Right to Request Erasure (Right to be Forgotten). – 4. Practical Challenges and Ways to Address Them. – 4.1. Practical Challenges. – 4.1.1. The Limitations of Consent in AI and Big Data Environments. – 4.1.2. Difficulties in Exercising Individual Rights. – 4.1.3. The Problem of Centralised Enforcement and Institutional Performance Disparities. – 4.1.4. The Protection of Mental Data and Emerging Data Patterns. – 4.2. Proposed Approaches to Address Implementation Gaps. – 4.2.1. A Critical Analysis of the Gap Between Legal Text and Practice. – 4.2.2. A Study of Judicial and Regulatory Cases. – 4.2.3. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Oversight and Supervision. – 4.2.4. Recommendations to Strengthen the Practical Application of the Right to Informational Self-Determination. – 5. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Methodology. – 3. Results. – 3.1. AI Applications in Anti-Corruption. – 3.2. How AI Systems Perpetuate Bias and Discrimination. – 3.3. Current State of Liability. – 3.4. Responsibility Matrix. – 4. Discussions. – 5. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Methodology. – 3. Findings / Results. – 3.1. New Zealand. – 3.2. Mexico. – 3.3. Zambia. – 4. Discussion. – 5. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Methodology. – 3. Concept Of Environmental Crimes Related to Climate Change. – 3.1 Definition of Environmental Crimes. – 3.2. Characteristics. – 4. International Regulations on Climate-Related Environmental Crimes and Their Incorporation into the Vietnamese Criminal Law. – 4.1. International Legal Foundation on Climate-related Environmental Crimes. – 4.1.1. Perspectives on the Criminalization of Ecocide under International Criminal Law. – 4.1.2. The International Obligations of States in Responding to Environmental Crime in General. – 4.2. Provisions of Vietnamese Criminal Law in Relation to the Country’s International Commitments on Combating Environmental Crime. – 4.2.1. The criminalization of environmental offences under Vietnam’s criminal law. – 4.2.2. Recognition and Scope of Criminal Liability of Commercial Legal Entities for Environmental Violations. – 5. Emerging Trends In Environmental Crimes Driven By Climate Change In Vietnam. – 6. Suggestions. – 7. Conclusion.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. The Legal Landscape of Mandatory Mediation in Europe: International Standards and Judicial Interpretations. – 2.1. Recommendations of the Council of Europe. – 2.2. The European Union Legal Framework on Mediation. – 2.3. CJEU Case Law on Mandatory Mediation. – 2.4. ECtHR Jurisprudence on the Admissibility of Mandatory Mediation – 3. Comparative Analysis of National Constitutional Court Practices on Mandatory Mediation Models in Italy, Romania, and Bulgaria. – 3.1. Italian Experience. – 3.2. Romanian Experience. – 3.3. Bulgarian Experience. – 3.4. Systematic Evaluation of the Presented National Constitutional Jurisprudence. – 3.4.1. Voluntariness. – 3.4.2. Proportionality. – 3.4.3. Procedural Safeguards. – 3.5. Other Key Aspect of the MM Models Success or Failure. – 4. Conclusions and Recommendations.

Editorial

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Research Methodology. – 3. Legality of Espionage in Light of the Principle of State Sovereignty. – 3.1 Indirect Prohibition under the Principle of Non-intervention. – 3.1.1 Limits of the Principle of Non-Intervention. – 3.1.2 Impact of Espionage on the Principle of Non-Intervention. – 3.2 Indirect Prohibition in the light of the conventional rules. – 3.2.1 Impact of Espionage on the Maritime Sovereignty. – 3.2.2 Impact of Espionage on the Aerial Sovereignty. – 3.2.3 Impact of Espionage on Diplomatic Relations. – 4. Legality of Espionage in Light of the Human Rights Law. – 4.1 Mass Surveillance and Bulk Data Collection and Privacy Interference. – 4.2 Balancing Espionage and Privacy Right: The Necessity and Proportionality Test. – 5. Legality of espionage in Light of Customary International Law 6. Conclusions

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Theoretical Background. – 3. Methods. – 3.1 Research Design and Approach. – 3.2 Methodology Justification and Legal Framework for the “Kazakhstan Arbitration Enforcement Mechanism (KAEM)”. – 3.2.1 Testing the KAEM’s Reliability. – 3.2.2 Implementation and Feasibility of the KAEM. – 4. Results and Discussion. – 4.1. Regional Arbitration Infrastructure and Transnational Partnerships. – 4.2. Public Policy Transparency and Legal Openness. – 5. Conclusions. – 5.1. Prospects for International Cooperation and Adoption of Foreign Practices. – 5.2 Theoretical Contributions. – 5.3. Practical Implications. – 5.4. Limitations. – 5.5. Recommendations for Future Studies

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Research Methodology. – 3. Smart Trials in UAE Courts: Conceptual Foundations and Operational Framework. – 3.1 Definition of Digital Litigation. – 3.2 Advantages and Limitations of Digital Litigation. – 3.3 Digital adversarial direct action. – 3.3.1 Initiation of Digital Litigation by Decision of the Competent Authority. – 3.3.2 Agreement-Based Initiation of Digital Litigation. – 4. The Functioning of Litigation through Digital Means. – 4.1 Digital adversarial procedures. – 4.1.1 Case registration and service of notice via digital means. – 4.1.2 Submission and Exchange of Evidence Digitally. – 4.1.3 Conduct of Hearings and Pleadings within a Digital Framework. – 4.2 Judgments and Orders by Digital Means and Their Appeal. – 5. Conclusions

1. Introduction. – 2. Research Methodology. – 2.1. Objectives and research problem. – 3. The Concept of Digital Evidence. – 3.1. The Concept of Digital Evidence in the European Union. – 3.2. The Concept of Digital Evidence in the UAE. – 4. Legal Framework for the Digital Evidence in the European Union and UAE. – 4.1. The Legality Characteristic of Digital Evidence. – 4.2. The Judge's Freedom to Evaluate the Evidence. – 4.3. The Legal Framework for Digital Evidence in the European Union. – 4..4 The Legal Framework for Digital Evidence in the UAE. – 4.5. Legitimacy of Obtaining Electronic Evidence. – 5. Digital Evidence in Foreign Jurisdiction (Joint Investigation Teams). – 6. Conclusion.

1. Introduction. – 2. Methodology. – 3. CISG-Applicability in Arab States. – 4. Treatment of Applicable Foreign Law by National Judiciary: In General. – 4.1. Foreign Law is a Fact. – 4.2. Foreign Law is a Matter of Law. – 5. Treatment of the CISG by National Judiciary: In Particular. – 5.1. Treatment of the CISG by Courts in Arab Contracting States (Egypt and Bahrain). – 5.1.1. The Court ex Officio Applies the CISG. – 5.1.2. The Court Shall Respect the Special Nature of the CISG. – 5.2. Treatment of the CISG by Courts in Arab NonContracting States (Qatar and Jordan). – 6. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Developments of the Jurisdictional Immunity of States. – 3. Exceptions to State Immunity in Terrorism Cases at the Domestic Level. – 3.1. U.S. Legislative Exceptions to Sovereign Immunity in Terrorism Cases. – 3.2. Canadian Legislative Exceptions to Sovereign Immunity in Terrorism Cases. – 3.3. Exceptions to State Immunity in Terrorism Cases in Other Jurisdictions. – 4. The Feasibility of Formulating an Exception to the Principle of State Immunity for the Benefit of Victims of Terrorism in Domestic Laws. – 4.1. Adopting a Legislative Anti-Terrorism Approach that Amends International Custom Related to the State Immunity. – 4.2. Creating Mechanisms to Enforce the Judgements Issued in Accordance with the Anti-Terrorism Exception in the Judicial Systems of Various Countries. – 5. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Methodology. – 2.1. Definition and Forms of the Arbitration Agreement. – 3. Literature Review. – 4. Research Results and Discussion. – 4.1. Legal Framework for Anti-Discrimination Measures of the Roma, Ashkali, and Egyptian Communities in Kosovo and Its Content. – 4.2. Implementation of International Standards for Protection from Discrimination in Kosovo, Including Those of the European Union. – 4.3. From Discrimination to Antigypsyism - Kosovo One Step Further. – 4.4. Practical Implementation of the Rights of the Roma, Ashkali, and Egyptian Communities. – 4.5. Measures Taken and Additional Mechanisms Developed to Safeguard the Roma, Ashkali, and Egyptian Communities against Discrimination. – 4.6. Data of Cases Reported to the National Platform for Anti-Discrimination Measures of the Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian Communities in Kosovo. – 4.7. Discrimination against the Roma, Ashkali, and Egyptian Communities - What Does the Practice of Reported Cases Show? – 4.7.1. The Case of Discrimination against Returned Roma Families. – 4.7.2. Discrimination in the Case of Restricting Freedom of Assembly. – 4.7.3. Cases of Discrimination through Hate Speech Resulting in Criminal Offenses. – 4.7.4. The Case of Discrimination against a Member of the Egyptian Community by the Ministry of Health. – 5. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Literature Review. – 3. Dimensions and Trends of Trafficking in Human Beings in Kosovo. – 4. Causes of Human Trafficking in Kosovo. – 5. Kosovo Legal and Institutional Framework against Human Trafficking. – 6. Results and Discussion. – 7. Conclusion.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Methodology. – 3. Literature Review. – 3.1. Free Trade Agreements in Western Balkans. – 3.2. Regional cooperation and integration in Western Balkans. – 3.3. Trade liberalization. – 3.4. Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA 2006). – 4. Results and Discussion. – 5. Conclusion.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Methodology. – 3. Evolution of Legal Culture and Legal Consciousness in Kazakhstan. – 4. Literature Review. – 5. Findings and Discussion. – 5.1. Complaints as Indicators of Legal Culture and Legal Consciousness. – 5.2. Human Rights in Criminal Proceedings and Rights of Convicts. – 5.3. Legal Education and Public Engagement. – 5.4. Analysis of Key Legal Acts in the Context of Legal Culture and Legal Consciousness in Kazakhstan. – 6. Conclusion.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 1.1. Methodology. – 2. The Essence of the Best Interests Principle. – 2.1. The Concept of the Best Interests Principle. – 2.2. Scope of the Best Interests of the Juvenile Principle. – 2.2.1. Personal Scope of the Principle. – 2.2.2. Subjective Scope of the Principle. – 3. Aspects of Upholding the Best Interests of the Juvenile in Jordanian Law. – 3.1. Juveniles’ Guarantees During the Three Phases of Criminal Proceedings. – 3.1.1. Guarantees During Police Preliminary Inquiries. – 3.1.2. Guarantees During Public Prosecution Investigations. – 3.1.3. Legal Guarantees During the Trial Stage. – 3.2. Guarantees After Concluding the Criminal Case. – 3.2.1. Placement in Specialized Care Facilities. – 3.2.2. Alternative Penalties and Community Service. – 4. Conclusion.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Choice Of Court by the Parties to the Dispute. General Approaches to the Choice of Court Agreement. – 3. Form of Expression of the Choice of Court Agreement. – 4. Peculiarities Of Choice of Court Agreement Form: Ukrainian Experience. – 5. Derogation From the Agreement. – 6. Conclusion.

1. Introduction. – 2. The Development of Parliamentarism in Kazakhstan. – 3. Literature Review. – 4. Methodology. – 5. Findings and Discussion. – 6. Conclusions.

1. Introduction. – 2. The Nature of Arbitration Agreements and Their Validity Requirements. – 2.1. Definition and Forms of the Arbitration Agreement. – 2.1.1. The Definition of the Arbitration Agreement. – 2.1.2. Forms of the Arbitration Agreement. – 2.2. Requirements for the Validity of the Arbitration Agreement. – 2.2.1. Written Consent to the Arbitration Agreement. – 2.2.2. Arbitrability of the Subject Matter of Dispute. – 3. The Arbitration Agreement Within the Framework of the ICSID Convention. – 3.1. The Importance of Resorting to ICSID Arbitration in Investment Disputes. – 3.2. Consent to ICSID Arbitration Through an Arbitration Agreement. – 4. New Forms of ICSID Jurisdiction Without Prior Agreement. – 4.1. Consent to ICSID Arbitration Through Domestic Legislative Provisions. – 4.2. Consent to ICSID Arbitration Through a Bilateral Treaty. – 4.3. ICSID Jurisdiction Under the Most-Favoured-Nation (MFN) Clause. – 5. Conclusions.

1. Introduction. – 2. Methodology. – 2.1. Conceptual Research Approaches. – 2.2. General Scientific Research Methods. – 2.3. Group Methods. – 2.4. Special Scientific Methods. – 3. Human Security as a Value. – 4. The Value of Human Security in the Field of General Permissive Type of Legal Regulation. – 5. The Right to Judicial Protection as a Platform for Interaction of the Values of Human Security and Freedom: Legal Instruments for Ensuring. – 6. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Methodology. – 3. The Legal Framework of Drones Under International Humanitarian Law. – 3.1. Definition and Nature of Drones. – 3.2. Relevant International Humanitarian Law Principles. – 4. Practical Examples of Drone Usage in Modern Conflicts. – 4.1. US Drone Operations in the Middle East. – 4.2. Israel’s Use of Drones in Gaza. – 4.3. Challenges in Ensuring Compliance with International Humanitarian Law. – 5. Court Cases and Judicial Rulings. – 5.1. International Court of Justice (ICJ) Cases. – 5.2. International Criminal Court (ICC) on Crimes of Aggression and Self-Defense. – 5.3. The Role of International Justice and Accountability. – 5.4. Balancing Theory and Practical Implementation. – 6. Conclusions.